Article 278 [263] sang Labor Code: Strikes, picketing kag lockouts
Ang numero sa bracket, [263], amo ang daan nga numero sining article antes sang renumbering sang Labor Code sang 2015.
Status: Gin-amyendahan
Gin-amyendahan
Gin-amyendahan na ini nga probisyon. Ang teksto sa idalom amo ang subong nga bersyon.
- Gin-amyendahan sang: Republic Act No. 6715
Ano ang ginasiling sang Article 278 [263]?
Ang opisyal nga teksto sang kasuguan yara sa English.
(a) It is the policy of the State to encourage free trade unionism and free collective bargaining.
(b) Workers shall have the right to engage in concerted activities for purposes of collective bargaining or for their mutual benefit and protection. The right of legitimate labor organizations to strike and picket and of employers to lockout, consistent with the national interest, shall continue to be recognized and respected. However, no labor union may strike and no employer may declare a lockout on grounds involving inter-union and intra-union disputes.
(c) In cases of bargaining deadlocks, the duly certified or recognized bargaining agent may file a notice of strike or the employer may file a notice of lockout with the Ministry at least 30 days before the intended date thereof. In cases of unfair labor practice, the period of notice shall be 15 days and in the absence of a duly certified or recognized bargaining agent, the notice of strike may be filed by any legitimate labor organization in behalf of its members. However, in case of dismissal from employment of union officers duly elected in accordance with the union constitution and by-laws, which may constitute union busting where the existence of the union is threatened, the 15-day cooling-off period shall not apply and the union may take action immediately.
(d) The notice must be in accordance with such implementing rules and regulations as the Minister of Labor and Employment may promulgate.
(e) During the cooling-off period, it shall be the duty of the Ministry to exert all efforts at mediation and conciliation to effect a voluntary settlement. Should the dispute remain unsettled until the lapse of the requisite number of days from the mandatory filing of the notice, the labor union may strike or the employer may declare a lockout.
(f) A decision to declare a strike must be approved by a majority of the total union membership in the bargaining unit concerned, obtained by secret ballot in meetings or referenda called for that purpose. A decision to declare a lockout must be approved by a majority of the board of directors of the corporation or association or of the partners in a partnership, obtained by secret ballot in a meeting called for that purpose. The decision shall be valid for the duration of the dispute based on substantially the same grounds considered when the strike or lockout vote was taken. The Ministry may, at its own initiative or upon the request of any affected party, supervise the conduct of the secret balloting. In every case, the union or the employer shall furnish the Ministry the results of the voting at least seven days before the intended strike or lockout, subject to the cooling-off period herein provided.
(g) When, in his opinion, there exists a labor dispute causing or likely to cause a strike or lockout in an industry indispensable to the national interest, the Secretary of Labor and Employment may assume jurisdiction over the dispute and decide it or certify the same to the Commission for compulsory arbitration. Such assumption or certification shall have the effect of automatically enjoining the intended or impending strike or lockout as specified in the assumption or certification order. If one has already taken place at the time of assumption or certification, all striking or locked out employees shall immediately return to work and the employer shall immediately resume operations and readmit all workers under the same terms and conditions prevailing before the strike or lockout. The Secretary of Labor and Employment or the Commission may seek the assistance of law enforcement agencies to ensure compliance with this provision as well as with such orders as he may issue to enforce the same.
In line with the national concern for and the highest respect accorded to the right of patients to life and health, strikes and lockouts in hospitals, clinics and similar medical institutions shall, to every extent possible, be avoided, and all serious efforts, not only by labor and management but government as well, be exhausted to substantially minimize, if not prevent, their adverse effects on such life and health, through the exercise, however legitimate, by labor of its right to strike and by management to lockout. In labor disputes adversely affecting the continued operation of such hospitals, clinics or medical institutions, it shall be the duty of the striking union or locking-out employer to provide and maintain an effective skeletal workforce of medical and other health personnel, whose movement and services shall be unhampered and unrestricted, as are necessary to insure the proper and adequate protection of the life and health of its patients, most especially emergency cases, for the duration of the strike or lockout. In such cases, therefore, the Secretary of Labor and Employment may immediately assume, within twenty four (24) hours from knowledge of the occurrence of such a strike or lockout, jurisdiction over the same or certify it to the Commission for compulsory arbitration. For this purpose, the contending parties are strictly enjoined to comply with such orders, prohibitions and/or injunctions as are issued by the Secretary of Labor and Employment or the Commission, under pain of immediate disciplinary action, including dismissal or loss of employment status or payment by the locking-out employer of backwages, damages and other affirmative relief, even criminal prosecution against either or both of them.
The foregoing notwithstanding, the President of the Philippines shall not be precluded from determining the industries that, in his opinion, are indispensable to the national interest, and from intervening at any time and assuming jurisdiction over any such labor dispute in order to settle or terminate the same.
(h) Before or at any stage of the compulsory arbitration process, the parties may opt to submit their dispute to voluntary arbitration.
(i) The Secretary of Labor and Employment, the Commission or the voluntary arbitrator or panel of voluntary arbitrators shall decide or resolve the dispute within thirty (30) calendar days from the date of the assumption of jurisdiction or the certification or submission of the dispute, as the case may be. The decision of the President, the Secretary of Labor and Employment, the Commission or the voluntary arbitrator shall be final and executory ten (10) calendar days after receipt thereof by the parties.
Basaha ang Labor Code sa website sang DOLE (daan pa ang article numbers didto, antes sang 2015)
Ano ang buot silingon sini sa simple nga tinaga?
Ginatakda sang Article 278 [263] sang Labor Code ang mga rule para sa strikes, picketing kag lockouts. Ginatugutan ang strike ukon lockout para sa bargaining deadlock ukon unfair labor practice, pagkatapos sang notice sa DOLE, cooling-off period nga 30 ukon 15 ka adlaw, botohan paagi sa secret ballot, kag report sang botohan indi magnubo sa pito ka adlaw antes. Sa mga industriya nga indispensable sa national interest, pwede ang Secretary of Labor and Employment mag-assume sang jurisdiction kag untaton ang strike.
Article 263 ini antes sang 2015 nga renumbering sang Labor Code. Ang iya mga paragraph halin sa Batas Pambansa Blg. 130 (1981), Executive Order No. 111 (1986) kag Republic Act No. 6715 (1989). Wala ginapaathag sang sini nga pahina ang subong nga rules of procedure sang National Conciliation and Mediation Board.
Paano ini nagaobra sa matuod nga kabuhi?
Ang bargaining deadlock
Naguba ang istoryahanay sang union ni Rosa kag sang kompanya parte sa sweldo. Nag-file ang union sang notice of strike sa DOLE, naghulat indi magnubo sa 30 ka adlaw samtang nagamediate ang DOLE, naghiwat sang botohan paagi sa secret ballot nga ginsugtan sang mayoriya sang kabilugan nga miyembro sa bargaining unit, kag nagreport sang resulta indi magnubo sa pito ka adlaw antes sang petsa sang strike. Amo ini ang mga tikang nga ginatawag sang Phimco nga mandatory.
Ginpahalin ang mga union officer
Ginpahalin sang kompanya ang elected nga presidente kag mga officer sang union ni Ben dayon pagkatapos matukod ang union, kag ginahulga ang pagkaara sang union. Siling sang paragraph (c) nga indi aplikable ang 15-day cooling-off period sa sina nga kaso, kag pwede dayon maghulag ang union.
Ginbalabagan nga gate
Ginsunod sang isa ka union ang tanan nga procedural nga tikang, pero ginbalabagan sang iya mga picketer ang gate sang kompanya gani wala sang makasulod ukon makagwa. Pareho sa Phimco, ang strike pwede gihapon isiling nga illegal tungod sa mga paagi nga gin-gamit.
Ano ang buot silingon sini sa praktis?
- Ang strike isa ka desisyon sang grupo nga may seryoso nga epekto sa mga trabaho. Mandatory ang mga tikang, kag ang mga paagi nga ginagamit sa tion sang strike importante pareho sang proseso.
- Ang mga pamangkot parte sa legalidad sang strikes kag lockouts ginadala sa Labor Arbiters suno sa [Article 224 [217]](/law/labor-code/article-224).
- Ang unfair labor practice, isa sa duha ka rason, ginapaathag sa [Article 259 [248]](/law/labor-code/article-259).
- Ang mga mamumugon nga ginpahalin nga konektado sa strike pwede magbangon sang illegal dismissal. Tan-awa ang mga remedyo sa illegal dismissal.
- Tan-awa man ang pagkumparar strike vs lockout kag ang topic page parte sa mga union kag strike.
- Makabulig ang abogado, union federation ukon ang Public Attorney's Office. Tan-awa ang libre nga legal help sa Pilipinas.
Ano ang policy kag sin-o ang pwede mag-strike?
(a) It is the policy of the State to encourage free trade unionism and free collective bargaining.
(b) Workers shall have the right to engage in concerted activities for purposes of collective bargaining or for their mutual benefit and protection. The right of legitimate labor organizations to strike and picket and of employers to lockout, consistent with the national interest, shall continue to be recognized and respected. However, no labor union may strike and no employer may declare a lockout on grounds involving inter-union and intra-union disputes.
Ang strike isa ka karapatan sang legitimate labor organization. Ang mga dispute sa tunga sang mga union, ukon sa sulod sang isa ka union, indi rason para sa strike ukon lockout.
Ano nga notice ang dapat ihatag, kag san-o?
(c) In cases of bargaining deadlocks, the duly certified or recognized bargaining agent may file a notice of strike or the employer may file a notice of lockout with the Ministry at least 30 days before the intended date thereof. In cases of unfair labor practice, the period of notice shall be 15 days and in the absence of a duly certified or recognized bargaining agent, the notice of strike may be filed by any legitimate labor organization in behalf of its members. However, in case of dismissal from employment of union officers duly elected in accordance with the union constitution and by-laws, which may constitute union busting where the existence of the union is threatened, the 15-day cooling-off period shall not apply and the union may take action immediately.
Nagasiling gihapon ang artikulo sang "Ministry," ang ngalan sang labor department sang ginsulat ang paragraph. Sa simple nga pulong:
| Rason | Sin-o ang nagafile | Cooling-off period |
|---|---|---|
| Bargaining deadlock | Ang certified ukon recognized bargaining agent (ukon ang employer, para sa lockout) | Indi magnubo sa 30 ka adlaw |
| Unfair labor practice | Ang bargaining agent, ukon bisan ano nga legitimate labor organization kon wala sini | 15 ka adlaw |
| Pagpahalin sa mga elected union officer nga pwede union busting, nga nagahulga sa pagkaara sang union | Ang union | Wala: pwede dayon maghulag ang union |
Sa tion sang cooling-off period, dapat ang DOLE "exert all efforts at mediation and conciliation to effect a voluntary settlement" (paragraph (e)). Kon wala gihapon naareglo ang dispute sa katapusan sang tion, pwede mag-strike ang union ukon magdeklarar sang lockout ang employer.
Ano nga botohan ang kinahanglan?
(f) A decision to declare a strike must be approved by a majority of the total union membership in the bargaining unit concerned, obtained by secret ballot in meetings or referenda called for that purpose.
Ginapakinahanglan man sang amo nga paragraph nga ang lockout ginsugtan sang mayoriya sang board of directors ukon sang mga partner, paagi man sa secret ballot. Valid ang botohan sa bug-os nga tion sang dispute, basta halos pareho ang mga rason. Dayon:
In every case, the union or the employer shall furnish the Ministry the results of the voting at least seven days before the intended strike or lockout, subject to the cooling-off period herein provided.
Ginpangayo man sang implementing rules sang 1989 (Book V, Rule XIII, Section 7) nga hatagan sang union ang regional branch sang National Conciliation and Mediation Board sang pahibalo sang mga miting sa botohan indi magnubo sa 24 ka oras antes.
Paano ginabasa sang Supreme Court ini nga mga tikang?
Sa Phimco Industries v. Phimco Industries Labor Association (2010), siling sang Korte nga para mangin valid ang strike dapat ini magsunod sa artikulo (sadto Article 263): ang notice 30 ka adlaw antes, ukon 15 ka adlaw para sa unfair labor practice; ang strike vote sang mayoriya sang kabilugan nga miyembro sang union paagi sa secret ballot; kag ang report sang botohan sa DOLE indi magnubo sa pito ka adlaw antes. "These requirements are mandatory, and the union's failure to comply renders the strike illegal." Ginpaathag niya nga ang cooling-off period nagahatag sa mga partido sang higayon nga magkasugot sa bulig sang conciliator, samtang "the seven-day strike ban is intended to give the DOLE an opportunity to verify whether the projected strike really carries the imprimatur of the majority of the union members."
Gindugang sang Korte nga ang strike nga nagsunod sa tanan nga procedural nga tikang "may still be held illegal where the means employed are illegal," pareho kon masakop ini sang mga pagdili sang Article 264 sadto, subong Article 279. Sa Phimco, ginsunod ang proseso, pero gindeklarar nga illegal ang strike kay ginbalabagan sang mga picketer ang pagsulod kag paggwa sa lugar.
Ano ang assumption of jurisdiction?
(g) When, in his opinion, there exists a labor dispute causing or likely to cause a strike or lockout in an industry indispensable to the national interest, the Secretary of Labor and Employment may assume jurisdiction over the dispute and decide it or certify the same to the Commission for compulsory arbitration. Such assumption or certification shall have the effect of automatically enjoining the intended or impending strike or lockout as specified in the assumption or certification order. If one has already taken place at the time of assumption or certification, all striking or locked out employees shall immediately return to work and the employer shall immediately resume operations and readmit all workers under the same terms and conditions prevailing before the strike or lockout.
Nagadugang ang paragraph (g) sang special nga mga rule para sa mga ospital, klinika kag pareho nga medical institutions: ang strikes kag lockouts didto dapat likawan kutob sa mahimo, ang union nga nag-strike ukon ang employer nga nag-lockout dapat magpabilin sang epektibo nga skeletal workforce sang medical kag health personnel, kag pwede ang Secretary mag-assume sang jurisdiction sa sulod sang beinte-kwatro ka oras halin nga nahibaluan niya ang strike ukon lockout. Ginapabilin sang ulihi nga paragraph sang (g) ang gahum sang Presidente nga tukuron kon ano ang mga industriya nga indispensable sa national interest kag maghilabot kag mag-assume sang jurisdiction sa mga labor dispute didto. Wala ginalista sang sini nga pahina ina nga mga industriya.
Suno sa paragraph (i), dapat madesisyunan ang dispute sa sulod sang traynta ka calendar days halin sa assumption of jurisdiction, certification ukon submission, kag ang desisyon nangin final kag executory napulo ka calendar days pagkatapos nga nabaton ini sang mga partido. Antes ukon sa bisan ano nga bahin sang compulsory arbitration, pwede magpili ang mga partido sang voluntary arbitration (paragraph (h)).
Ano ang matabo sa mga mamumugon nga nag-upod sa strike?
Ang Article 279 [264], nga sunod dayon, amo ang nagaatubang sini. Amo man ang pagsiling sang 1989 nga implementing rules (Book V, Rule XIII, Section 9): "The mere participation of a worker in a lawful strike shall not constitute sufficient ground for termination of his employment even if a replacement had been hired by the employer during such lawful strike." Ang mga union officer nga nag-upod sa strike bisan nahibaluan nila nga illegal ini, kag ang mga mamumugon ukon officer nga tinuyo nga naghimo sang illegal nga buhat sa tion sang strike, pwede ideklarar nga nadula na ang ila employment status.
Masami nga pamangkot
Ano ang mga requirement para sa valid nga strike suno sa Article 278 [263]?
Sa Phimco Industries v. Phimco Industries Labor Association (2010), ginlista ini sang Supreme Court: notice of strike nga gin-file sa DOLE 30 ka adlaw antes sang gintuyo nga petsa, ukon 15 ka adlaw para sa unfair labor practice; strike vote nga ginsugtan sang mayoriya sang kabilugan nga miyembro sang union sa bargaining unit paagi sa secret ballot; kag pahibalo sa DOLE sang resulta sang botohan indi magnubo sa pito ka adlaw antes sang strike.
Sa ano nga mga rason pwede mag-strike ang union?
Ginasambit sang Article 278 ang bargaining deadlocks kag unfair labor practice. Siling man sini nga wala sang strike ukon lockout nga pwede ideklarar tungod sa inter-union kag intra-union disputes.
Pwede bala mangin illegal ang strike bisan ginsunod sang union ang mga tikang?
Huo. Sa Phimco (2010), siling sang Korte nga ang strike pwede gihapon isiling nga illegal kon illegal ang mga paagi nga gin-gamit, pareho sang mga buhat nga ginadili sang Article 264 sadto (subong Article 279). Sa sina nga kaso, ginbalabagan sang mga picketer ang pagsulod kag paggwa sa lugar.
Ano ang assumption of jurisdiction?
Kon ang labor dispute nagatuga ukon pwede magtuga sang strike ukon lockout sa industriya nga indispensable sa national interest, pwede ang Secretary of Labor and Employment mag-assume sang jurisdiction kag magdesisyon sini, ukon i-certify ini sa NLRC. Awtomatiko dayon nga ginapunggan ang gintuyo nga strike ukon lockout, kag dapat magbalik sa obra ang mga nag-strike.
Ngaa ginatawag ini nga Article 278 [263]?
Sang 2015 nga renumbering sang Labor Code, ang daan nga Article 263 nangin Article 278. Ang mga desisyon antes sang 2015, lakip ang Phimco, nagagamit sang Article 263.
Kinaandan nga kasayuran lang ini, indi legal nga laygay. Para sa imo kaso, pamangkot sa abogado, sa Public Attorney's Office (PAO) ukon sa ahensya.
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